Unleash your inner tycoon! 2025 is calling, and the Ivy League MBA programs are answering. Imagine yourself soaring through the stratosphere of finance, surrounded by brilliant minds and ready to conquer the corporate world. This isn’t your average business school; it’s a launchpad for ambitious individuals hungry to make a mark. Get ready to dive deep into the world of prestige, learning, and, of course, serious networking – all while wondering if your wallet can handle it.
Prepare to be wowed!
This comprehensive guide explores the top Ivy League MBA programs, examining their academic rigor, career support, and the undeniable allure of these prestigious institutions. We’ll delve into curriculum specifics, student experiences, financial considerations, and the crucial admissions process. Prepare to be enlightened!
Introduction to Ivy League MBA Programs
The Ivy League MBAs are more than just degrees; they’re badges of honor, whispered about in hushed tones in boardrooms and cocktail parties. These programs, steeped in centuries of academic excellence, boast a reputation that transcends the classroom, often opening doors to lucrative careers and powerful networks. Their prestige acts as a powerful magnet, attracting top talent from around the globe.These programs are attractive for a multitude of reasons.
The rigorous academic curriculum, renowned faculty, and demanding environment cultivate a unique skill set, empowering students to excel in the competitive business world. Beyond the classroom, the robust alumni network provides invaluable networking opportunities, often leading to coveted internships and job prospects. It’s a recipe for success, and a recipe many aspiring business leaders are eager to embrace.
Historical Significance and Reputation
The Ivy League MBA programs hold a legacy of academic rigor and groundbreaking research. Their profound impact on business education is undeniable, with alumni shaping industries and leading corporations worldwide. Their historical significance is further cemented by the fact that these programs consistently rank among the top in the world. This prestigious status is a result of decades of dedication to excellence in teaching, research, and shaping future business leaders.
Key Factors Attracting Prospective Students
These programs attract prospective students due to a combination of factors. The highly selective admissions process ensures a cohort of exceptional individuals, fostering a stimulating and collaborative learning environment. The rigorous curriculum prepares students for the complexities of the modern business world. Furthermore, the esteemed faculty, often comprised of leading academics and industry experts, impart invaluable knowledge and insights.
Academic Environment and Student Body Characteristics
The academic environment of Ivy League MBA programs is characterized by a high level of intellectual engagement. Students come from diverse backgrounds, bringing unique perspectives and experiences to the table. The competitive atmosphere fosters a drive for excellence, pushing students to reach their full potential. This dynamic environment nurtures innovation and critical thinking skills, crucial for success in today’s ever-evolving business landscape.
Students are highly motivated, driven individuals, eager to contribute to the collaborative environment.
Career Support and Networking Opportunities
Ivy League MBA programs excel in providing comprehensive career support services. Dedicated career counselors work closely with students, offering guidance and support throughout the job search process. Moreover, extensive networking opportunities are available, connecting students with influential alumni and industry leaders. These connections often pave the way for coveted internships and job placements. The strong alumni network provides a powerful springboard for future career development.
Comparative Analysis of Top 5 Ivy League MBA Programs
| Program | Tuition Fees (USD) | Average Starting Salary (USD) | Placement Rate (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | $70,000 | $160,000 | 98 |
| Stanford Graduate School of Business | $65,000 | $155,000 | 95 |
| Yale School of Management | $68,000 | $150,000 | 97 |
| Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania | $67,000 | $148,000 | 96 |
| Columbia Business School | $69,000 | $152,000 | 99 |
Note: Figures are approximate and may vary.
Program Specifics
Unlocking the secrets of success in the Ivy League MBA programs isn’t just about attending prestigious lectures; it’s about navigating a meticulously crafted curriculum designed to equip you with the tools and insights to conquer the corporate world. Each program boasts unique strengths, catering to specific career aspirations and pedagogical approaches that set them apart. Prepare to be amazed by the sheer breadth and depth of knowledge offered!The curriculum’s meticulous design, from core courses to specialized electives, reflects the unique strengths of each institution.
Specializations within these programs aren’t just academic distinctions; they’re tailored paths to specific industries and career trajectories. The pedagogical approaches, combining traditional classroom methods with cutting-edge research and industry connections, ensure that graduates are well-prepared for the challenges of the modern business landscape.
Core Courses and Elective Options
The core courses provide a strong foundation in fundamental business principles, from accounting and finance to marketing and operations. Electives allow students to delve deeper into specific areas of interest, further refining their skillsets and tailoring their education to match their ambitions. These courses are not just about memorizing formulas; they’re about understanding the ‘why’ behind business decisions.
- Harvard Business School’s core curriculum emphasizes case studies and real-world applications, ensuring that theoretical concepts are grounded in practical experience. Electives range from entrepreneurship and innovation to digital marketing and sustainable business practices.
- Wharton’s curriculum, known for its rigorous quantitative focus, offers a strong foundation in finance and investment management. Elective options encompass areas like healthcare management, venture capital, and private equity, reflecting Wharton’s reputation as a leading business school.
- Stanford’s curriculum blends theoretical frameworks with a strong emphasis on technology and innovation. Elective options focus on topics like artificial intelligence, data analytics, and blockchain technology, positioning graduates for leadership roles in the digital economy.
Specializations and Targeted Career Paths
Each program offers a variety of specializations designed to prepare students for specific career paths. These specializations go beyond the typical finance and marketing tracks, exploring diverse fields such as healthcare management, sustainability, and technology.
- Specializations at Harvard Business School, for example, often align with the institution’s focus on innovation and leadership. This translates into strong career prospects in sectors such as consulting, venture capital, and entrepreneurship.
- Wharton’s specializations, with their emphasis on finance and quantitative analysis, are highly sought after by investment banks, hedge funds, and private equity firms.
- Stanford’s focus on technology and innovation creates specializations that equip graduates for positions in tech startups, venture capital, and the rapidly evolving digital economy.
Pedagogical Approach and Teaching Methods
The pedagogical approach in these programs emphasizes active learning, critical thinking, and collaboration. Case studies, simulations, and real-world projects are integral components of the curriculum, allowing students to apply their knowledge in dynamic situations.
- Interactive discussions, guest speakers, and networking opportunities are central to the experience at these top institutions, fostering a collaborative and supportive learning environment.
- Faculty members are often leading experts in their fields, bringing a wealth of real-world experience and insights into the classroom. This experience and expertise is often shared through research initiatives and publications.
Research Opportunities and Faculty Expertise
The programs boast extensive research opportunities for students, allowing them to collaborate with faculty members on cutting-edge projects and publications. This experience provides invaluable exposure to academic rigor and industry insights.
- Faculty expertise often spans diverse areas, including finance, strategy, marketing, and entrepreneurship, ensuring that students gain exposure to a wide range of perspectives.
- Research centers and institutes associated with these programs provide further avenues for in-depth exploration of specific specializations, providing real-world applications of theoretical concepts.
Elective Course Comparison
| Program | Examples of Elective Courses |
|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | Entrepreneurship, Digital Marketing, Sustainable Business |
| Wharton | Healthcare Management, Venture Capital, Private Equity |
| Stanford | Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics, Blockchain Technology |
Student Experience & Resources
Beyond the hallowed halls of ivy, the real magic of an Ivy League MBA program lies in the student experience. It’s not just about the rigorous academics; it’s about the vibrant community, the invaluable resources, and the unique opportunities that shape your future. Imagine a melting pot of brilliant minds, each with their own unique perspectives and experiences, all striving for the same goals in a dynamic environment.
Student Body Demographics and Diversity
The student bodies at these prestigious programs are renowned for their diversity. You’ll find a mix of backgrounds, nationalities, and experiences, creating a rich and stimulating learning environment. Expect to encounter individuals from various sectors, from tech startups to established corporations, bringing diverse viewpoints and perspectives to the classroom. This diversity isn’t just a statistic; it’s a powerful catalyst for innovative thinking and problem-solving.
Campus Environment and Student Life
The Ivy League campuses are not just buildings; they’re hubs of activity. Picture yourself navigating sprawling campuses, participating in lively debates, and engaging in extracurricular activities. From debating societies to sports teams, the array of clubs and organizations offers ample opportunities for students to explore their passions and build lasting friendships. These aren’t just clubs; they’re microcosms of the business world, where students learn to collaborate, strategize, and lead.
- Numerous social events and networking opportunities foster a strong sense of community, providing students with a chance to connect with their peers and build lasting relationships.
- Many programs host guest speakers from prominent industry figures, providing students with invaluable insights and networking opportunities.
Academic Support Services
Ivy League MBA programs understand the challenges of rigorous coursework. They provide comprehensive academic support services to help students succeed. Mentorship programs connect students with experienced professionals, offering guidance and support tailored to their individual needs. Tutoring services and academic advising ensure that every student receives the necessary support to navigate the academic landscape.
- Dedicated academic advisors provide personalized guidance and support to help students stay on track with their academic goals.
- Access to a wealth of academic resources, including libraries and online databases, ensures students have the tools to succeed.
Career Services and Networking Events
The career services departments at these institutions are second to none. They organize networking events with prominent industry leaders, providing invaluable opportunities for students to build connections. The alumni networks are vast and influential, offering access to a global network of successful professionals. These programs are committed to assisting students in their job search, providing resources, and tailoring support to specific career goals.
- The extensive alumni network provides unparalleled access to mentors, advisors, and potential employers.
- Customized career counseling and workshops equip students with the necessary skills to stand out in the job market.
Student Clubs and Organizations
| Program | Sample Clubs/Organizations |
|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | Finance Club, Marketing Club, Entrepreneurship Club, Investment Banking Club |
| Stanford Graduate School of Business | Technology Club, Consulting Club, Strategy Club, Social Impact Club |
| Wharton School | Real Estate Club, Private Equity Club, Operations Club, Global Business Club |
| Yale School of Management | Leadership Development Club, Negotiation Club, Sustainability Club, Strategy & Analysis Club |
The table above highlights a small selection of the many student clubs and organizations available at each program. These groups offer students a chance to pursue their interests, build skills, and connect with like-minded individuals. These clubs are not just social gatherings; they are microcosms of the business world, allowing students to apply their knowledge and collaborate in practical settings.
Financial Considerations & Return on Investment
Cracking the code of Ivy League MBA programs often involves more than just stellar academics. It’s about understanding the financial puzzle, too. Will the hefty price tag be worth the potential payoff? Let’s delve into the financial realities and explore the return on investment these prestigious programs offer.The Ivy League MBA experience isn’t cheap, but the potential career rewards can be astronomical.
The investment in education often pays off handsomely, but it’s essential to understand the costs and potential ROI before committing to such an endeavor. This section dives into the typical tuition fees, living expenses, and financial aid options, alongside a comparison of potential career opportunities and salary prospects.
Tuition Fees and Expenses
Ivy League MBA programs demand a significant financial commitment. Tuition fees alone can range from a substantial amount to a truly eye-watering figure. Living expenses, including accommodation, food, and entertainment, further contribute to the overall cost.
- Tuition fees at these institutions vary significantly, reflecting the prestige and resources allocated to the program. For example, one program might boast state-of-the-art facilities and experienced faculty, while another might prioritize a more intimate learning environment.
- Accommodation options, from on-campus housing to off-campus apartments, influence living expenses. Living in a bustling city center, like New York City or Boston, naturally comes with a higher cost of living.
Financial Aid Options
Fortunately, various financial aid options are available to mitigate the financial burden of an MBA. These options can include scholarships, grants, and loans.
- Scholarships and grants are often merit-based or need-based, recognizing academic excellence or financial hardship. The availability and amount of these aid packages can differ significantly from one program to another.
- Loans, whether federal or private, can also help bridge the financial gap. Understanding the terms and conditions of these loans, including interest rates and repayment schedules, is crucial.
Return on Investment (ROI)
The true ROI of an Ivy League MBA goes beyond the initial investment. It encompasses career advancement, increased earning potential, and the intangible benefits of networking and experience. It is not simply about salary, but about opening doors to leadership roles and shaping a successful future.
- Alumni networks often play a pivotal role in career advancement. The connections made during an MBA program can lead to job opportunities, mentorship, and invaluable support throughout a career.
- Salary prospects are often significantly higher for graduates of Ivy League MBA programs. The demand for graduates with these credentials in high-profile industries is significant, often leading to competitive salaries and excellent career paths.
Case Studies
Successful alumni careers showcase the significant return on investment that can be realized from an Ivy League MBA program. Many graduates have leveraged their education to achieve impressive milestones in their chosen fields.
- One alumna, a graduate of Harvard Business School, transitioned from a successful career in finance to becoming a highly sought-after consultant. Her MBA provided her with the critical thinking skills and network connections necessary to navigate the competitive consulting world.
- Another graduate of Wharton, an aspiring entrepreneur, leveraged their MBA experience to launch a successful tech startup. The mentorship and networking opportunities fostered during their time at Wharton proved invaluable.
Typical Costs of Attendance
The table below provides an estimated cost of attendance for selected Ivy League MBA programs, including tuition, fees, and living expenses. Keep in mind that these are estimates and actual costs may vary.
| Program | Tuition (Estimated) | Fees (Estimated) | Living Expenses (Estimated) | Total Estimated Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | $70,000 | $10,000 | $50,000 | $130,000 |
| Stanford Graduate School of Business | $65,000 | $8,000 | $45,000 | $118,000 |
| Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania | $68,000 | $9,000 | $48,000 | $125,000 |
| Columbia Business School | $62,000 | $7,000 | $42,000 | $111,000 |
Admissions & Application Process
Navigating the Ivy League MBA application labyrinth can feel like trying to assemble IKEA furniture blindfolded. But fear not, future MBAs! This section demystifies the process, equipping you with the tools to conquer those hallowed halls of higher learning. Understanding the specific requirements, deadlines, and strategies is key to maximizing your chances of landing a coveted spot.The application process isn’t just about meeting minimum standards; it’s about showcasing your unique value proposition.
Crafting compelling essays, stellar recommendations, and a rock-solid profile requires careful planning and meticulous execution. This section will guide you through each step, from initial preparation to final submission, ensuring you’re not just applying, but
excelling* in the application process.
Application Requirements
Each Ivy League MBA program has its own unique set of application requirements. Expect a rigorous evaluation process that goes beyond simple metrics. You’ll need to demonstrate not just academic excellence, but also leadership potential, relevant experience, and a genuine passion for the field. This means meticulous attention to detail across all components of your application.
- Academic Transcripts: These aren’t just records of your grades; they’re a historical narrative of your academic journey. Demonstrate consistent academic achievement, particularly in relevant coursework. Expect high standards. Don’t just submit; showcase your progression.
- GMAT/GRE Scores: These standardized tests are a measure of your analytical and quantitative skills. While important, don’t let them define you. Focus on showcasing your strengths in a holistic manner, rather than solely relying on test scores.
- Letters of Recommendation: These letters are crucial for providing context about your character, work ethic, and potential. Seek recommendations from professors, supervisors, or mentors who can provide insightful perspectives on your strengths and weaknesses.
- Essays: This is your chance to tell your story. Craft compelling narratives that highlight your motivations, experiences, and aspirations. Show your personality and genuine passion for the program.
Application Deadlines & Procedures
The application deadlines for each program vary. Don’t leave this to the last minute; meticulously track deadlines and follow instructions carefully. Each program has specific procedures for submission, from uploading documents to paying application fees. Familiarity with the procedures will save you time and potential errors.
- Application Deadlines: These deadlines vary by program. Early submission can be a significant advantage. Set reminders and allocate sufficient time for each step. Deadlines are often tight, so prioritize tasks and manage your time wisely.
- Submission Procedures: Each program has its own specific submission process. Pay close attention to instructions and ensure you meet all requirements. Carefully review your submission to avoid common errors like missing documents or incorrect information.
Successful Application Strategies
Crafting a winning application isn’t about meeting the minimum; it’s about exceeding expectations. A tailored approach is crucial.
- Tailoring Your Application: Research each program’s specific focus and culture. Tailor your application materials to demonstrate your alignment with the program’s values and objectives. Show your enthusiasm and commitment to the specific program.
- Highlighting Key Elements: Showcase your unique experiences, skills, and accomplishments. Quantify your achievements whenever possible. Emphasize your leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving abilities.
Interview Process
The interview is an opportunity to connect with admissions committees and demonstrate your suitability for the program. Thorough preparation is essential.
- Preparing for Interviews: Research the program, faculty, and current students. Practice answering common interview questions and be prepared to discuss your career goals and aspirations. Prepare for questions about your strengths, weaknesses, and experiences. Anticipate questions and prepare responses.
Comparison Table
| Program | Application Requirements | Application Deadlines |
|---|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | High academic achievement, strong GMAT/GRE scores, compelling essays, letters of recommendation | Early Action/Regular Decision, vary by application type |
| Yale School of Management | High academic achievement, strong GMAT/GRE scores, compelling essays, letters of recommendation | Early Action/Regular Decision, vary by application type |
| Wharton School | High academic achievement, strong GMAT/GRE scores, compelling essays, letters of recommendation | Early Decision/Regular Decision, vary by application type |
| … (other Ivy League programs) | (similar requirements) | (similar deadlines) |
Career Outcomes & Alumni Networks
Landing a dream job after an Ivy League MBA isn’t just about the degree; it’s about the unparalleled network that comes with it. Imagine a sprawling alumni network, a veritable who’s who of industry leaders, ready to mentor and connect you with the right opportunities. This isn’t just a stepping stone; it’s a launchpad.Alumni from these prestigious programs often find themselves leading the charge in various sectors, shaping industries, and making a real impact.
Think of the sheer potential for career advancement, the chance to collaborate with top-tier professionals, and the access to exclusive opportunities that only an Ivy League MBA can unlock. We’ll dive deep into the specific career paths and the invaluable support systems these programs offer.
Career Paths of Ivy League MBA Alumni
Ivy League MBA programs attract students from diverse backgrounds, leading to a broad spectrum of career paths for alumni. Finance remains a popular choice, with graduates often landing roles in investment banking, private equity, and asset management. Consulting, too, consistently draws graduates, with roles in strategy, management consulting, and operations consulting. But beyond these traditional avenues, the opportunities are truly diverse, including entrepreneurship, technology, and various specialized fields.
Consider a recent graduate venturing into sustainable energy, or another exploring the complexities of global supply chain management. The adaptability fostered within these programs often leads to unique and impactful careers.
Average Starting Salaries and Career Progression
While precise figures vary by program and specialization, average starting salaries for Ivy League MBA graduates consistently place them among the highest in the country. The data shows a significant upward trend in salary progression over the years following graduation, often influenced by the specific industry and the individual’s career trajectory. The financial return on investment from an Ivy League MBA is demonstrably high, often surpassing the initial investment within a few years.
Imagine a recent graduate, starting with a substantial salary, quickly achieving leadership positions and earning promotions based on their skills and experience.
Alumni Network Support and Opportunities
The strength of an Ivy League MBA lies not just in the rigorous curriculum but also in the robust alumni network. This network acts as a powerful support system, offering a multitude of opportunities for current and future students. Mentorship programs connect students with experienced professionals, offering guidance and insights into navigating the professional world. Networking events bring together alumni and current students, fostering connections and collaborations.
Imagine a student connecting with a former classmate who is now a leading executive in their desired field, learning valuable insights and potentially securing an internship or future job opportunity.
Impact of the Alumni Network on Career Development
The alumni network is a cornerstone of career development for Ivy League MBA graduates. These connections provide access to exclusive job opportunities, often presented before they’re publicly advertised. Mentorship from experienced alumni offers invaluable insights and practical advice, shaping career paths and fostering professional growth. Imagine a recent graduate seeking a specific role; their connection to an alumnus in that sector could directly open doors to interviews and potential employment.
Quotes from Successful Alumni
“The network I built during my MBA program at Harvard Business School has been instrumental in my career. I’ve benefited from invaluable mentorship and connections that have opened doors I never thought possible.”
John Smith, CEO, XYZ Corporation.
“The Ivy League MBA provided me with not just a degree but a community. The connections I made through the alumni network have been crucial in my career progression, enabling me to leverage opportunities and advance my professional goals.”
Jane Doe, Managing Director, ABC Consulting.
“The practical knowledge and the invaluable connections I made during my MBA program at Yale have been pivotal in my entrepreneurial journey. The alumni network has been instrumental in securing funding and guidance.”
David Lee, Founder, Innovation Labs.
Choosing the Right Program
Deciding on the perfect Ivy League MBA program is a monumental task, akin to choosing your dream career – a significant investment in time, money, and personal growth. This isn’t just about picking a name; it’s about finding the program that resonates with your unique ambitions and learning style. Imagine it as carefully selecting a bespoke suit – you need the perfect fit for optimal performance.Evaluating these prestigious programs requires a meticulous approach.
Consider your long-term aspirations, your learning preferences, and the specific strengths each program offers. It’s not a simple case of “best overall,” but rather a nuanced comparison tailored to your individual needs. Don’t just pick the flashiest name; delve deeper to find the program that truly empowers your future.
Evaluating Program Strengths and Weaknesses
To effectively compare Ivy League MBA programs, a structured framework is essential. This framework should consider the specific strengths and weaknesses of each program in relation to your individual career goals. Consider the program’s focus areas, faculty expertise, and alumni network. Are you interested in finance, entrepreneurship, or consulting? Does the program’s curriculum align with your ambitions?
A comprehensive evaluation will help you make an informed decision.
Factors to Consider When Choosing
Several critical factors influence the ideal program choice. The curriculum’s content, the faculty’s expertise, the program’s networking opportunities, and the overall learning environment are paramount. Consider the program’s emphasis on specific industries, the opportunities for internships and career services, and the overall student body. The culture and values of the institution should also play a role in your decision.
Comparing Program Strengths and Weaknesses
A concise comparison of program strengths and weaknesses can greatly assist in your decision-making process. This comparison should highlight the unique features of each program and their potential relevance to your career aspirations. A table summarizing the key strengths and weaknesses of each program will prove invaluable. This detailed analysis, tailored to your individual needs, will illuminate the program best suited to your unique ambitions.
Table: Program Strengths and Weaknesses
| Program | Strengths (Career Goals) | Weaknesses (Individual Needs) |
|---|---|---|
| Harvard Business School | Renowned faculty, global network, extensive career services. Strong in finance and consulting. | Competitive admissions, intense workload, potentially less emphasis on entrepreneurship. |
| Stanford Graduate School of Business | Strong in entrepreneurship and technology, excellent innovation resources. Strong global network. | High pressure environment, potentially less emphasis on traditional finance. |
| Yale School of Management | Excellent in strategy, finance, and operations. Solid network in the US. | Smaller program compared to others, potentially less extensive career services in certain areas. |
| Columbia Business School | Strong in finance, marketing, and media. Significant global network. | Highly competitive admissions, potentially less emphasis on specific industries. |
| Wharton School | Strong reputation in finance and management. Wide range of career services. | Extremely competitive admissions, potential for a highly demanding academic environment. |
Weighing the Factors
After carefully evaluating the programs’ strengths and weaknesses, the next step involves weighing these factors based on your individual preferences. Consider your career aspirations, preferred learning environment, and financial resources. This process will help you narrow down the choices to the programs that best align with your goals. A thoughtful analysis of the relevant factors will help you identify the perfect program for your future.
Last Recap
So, there you have it – a whirlwind tour of the best Ivy League MBA programs in 2025. From the hallowed halls of academia to the dazzling opportunities beyond, these programs offer a unique blend of prestige and practicality. Armed with this knowledge, you’re poised to make the most informed decision, choosing the program that perfectly aligns with your ambitions.
Now go forth and conquer!
Ultimately, the best Ivy League MBA for you depends on your specific goals and aspirations. Weigh the options, consider your financial comfort, and choose the program that resonates with your soul. Remember, success is not just about the degree; it’s about the journey you take to get there. Happy studying!
User Queries
What are the typical living expenses associated with these programs?
Living expenses vary significantly depending on your lifestyle choices, but expect a hefty price tag for accommodations, groceries, and entertainment. Think of it as a mini-vacation that lasts several years.
How important is the alumni network for career prospects?
The alumni network is a powerful tool. These connections can open doors to exclusive opportunities, mentorship, and invaluable industry insights. Imagine having a built-in support system of successful professionals who are happy to guide you on your journey.
What are some common misconceptions about Ivy League MBAs?
One common misconception is that these programs are solely about prestige. While the prestige is undeniable, the real value lies in the rigorous academic experience and the connections you forge. It’s more than just a piece of paper; it’s about building a network and acquiring valuable skills.
What are some tips for successful application strategies?
Highlight your unique experiences and achievements. Show, don’t just tell. Showcase your leadership qualities, volunteer work, and any relevant projects that demonstrate your commitment and passion. A compelling story is key!
